GUANO - Revision history

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	'''» Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.		* ''' Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.
			:: [original in SCIF archives; ex-lib MDD]

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	'''May 14, 1898 [LAT/SB]:''' “The schooner ''Alta'', Captain Farwell, came in from San Miguel Island yesterday, loaded with guano.”		'''May 14, 1898 [LAT/SB]:''' “The schooner ''Alta'', Captain Farwell, came in from San Miguel Island yesterday, loaded with guano.”


			'''August 6, 1898 [SDU]:''' “The schooner ''Ellen'' arrived yesterday from Richardson island, in the Santa Barbara Channel, with a cargo of guano.”

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	'''June 6, 1883 [LAT]:''' “Larco, an Italian fisherman of Santa Barbara, in a recent cruise about the Channel Islands discovered a small island, about three acres in extent, bare and rocky, in the vicinity of San Miguel Island, which was completely covered with eggs. The island is covered with a layer of guano, and here hundreds of seafowl of all descriptions had their nests. Like some of the islands in the Bering Sea, this little point of land was completely covered with eggs, principally those of sea gulls, shags, and saltwater ducks. Larco states that a shipload might be gathered in a short time. But as there was no market for them, their discoverer had no inducement to take a cargo aboard.”		'''June 6, 1883 [LAT]:''' “Larco, an Italian fisherman of Santa Barbara, in a recent cruise about the Channel Islands discovered a small island, about three acres in extent, bare and rocky, in the vicinity of San Miguel Island, which was completely covered with eggs. The island is covered with a layer of guano, and here hundreds of seafowl of all descriptions had their nests. Like some of the islands in the Bering Sea, this little point of land was completely covered with eggs, principally those of sea gulls, shags, and saltwater ducks. Larco states that a shipload might be gathered in a short time. But as there was no market for them, their discoverer had no inducement to take a cargo aboard.”


			'''June 22, 1883 [Semi-weekly Interior Journal, Stanford, KY]:''' “Three acres of eggs.—A Santa Barbara fisherman has discovered, near San Miguel Island, a smaller island, about three acres in extent, which is probably the largest nest of eggs in the world. The island is covered with a lawyer of guano in which sea fowls of all descriptions were found laying or incubating their eggs. The surface appeared to be almost covered with eggs, principally those of the sea gulls, shags, and a small bird known as the salt-water duck. The discoverer says it was difficult to walk without treading upon the eggs, and that it would be wasy to load a ship with them. [San Francisco Alta].”

MDaily at 00:44, 7 May 2020

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	By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, guano was also harvested on California's Channel Islands and the Baja California Islands of Mexico. The principal Yankee phosphate firms in the Pacific Basin included Pacific Guano of California, Pacific Guano of Massachusetts, American Guano, Phoenix Guano and United States Guano. On December 8, 1898 the vessel ''Helene'' was wrecked in Forney's Cove, Santa Cruz Island. She was hauling two tons of guano collected at San Miguel Island at the time. February 5, 1901 the Chinese junk ''Acme'' was wrecked at Baja, California's Geronimo Island. She had an estimated two tons of guano aboard, valued at $40. June 8, 1901 the vessel ''Francine'' sank in the vicinity of Gull Island on the south side of Santa Cruz Island. She was returning from San Miguel Island with 196 sacks of guano, about 2 tons, at the time. With the development of chemical fertilizers, the guano industry all but disappeared.		By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, guano was also harvested on California's Channel Islands and the Baja California Islands of Mexico. The principal Yankee phosphate firms in the Pacific Basin included Pacific Guano of California, Pacific Guano of Massachusetts, American Guano, Phoenix Guano and United States Guano. On December 8, 1898 the vessel ''Helene'' was wrecked in Forney's Cove, Santa Cruz Island. She was hauling two tons of guano collected at San Miguel Island at the time. February 5, 1901 the Chinese junk ''Acme'' was wrecked at Baja, California's Geronimo Island. She had an estimated two tons of guano aboard, valued at $40. June 8, 1901 the vessel ''Francine'' sank in the vicinity of Gull Island on the south side of Santa Cruz Island. She was returning from San Miguel Island with 196 sacks of guano, about 2 tons, at the time. With the development of chemical fertilizers, the guano industry all but disappeared.


	'''» Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.		'''» Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.


	* '''[[#Guano: Anacapa Island\|Guano: Anacapa Island]]'''		* '''[[#Guano: Anacapa Island\|Guano: Anacapa Island]]'''

MDaily at 17:14, 23 December 2018

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	<span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano'''</span> is the dried excrement of certain vertebrates, particularly seabirds. Peruvians have prized guano as an organic fertilizer since before the Spanish conquest in the 1500s. In 1804, a visitor to Peru took some guano back to Europe where it became in high demand. By the 1850s, Peruvians exported guano in large enough quantities that their harvesting soon outpaced the birds' production, and nest disturbance diminished bird populations. Peruvian guano was the standard by which all other guano came to be judged. Mid-19th century “guano-mania” prompted global exploration, during which time tens of thousands of tons of guano were imported into the U.S. In 1856, the U.S. Congress passed the Guano Islands Act which allowed American entrepreneurs to lay claim to every island, rock, or key not claimed by another country, that might possibly possess fertilizing agents. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, guano was also harvested on California's Channel Islands and the Baja California Islands of Mexico. The principal Yankee phosphate firms in the Pacific Basin included Pacific Guano of California, Pacific Guano of Massachusetts, American Guano, Phoenix Guano and United States Guano. On December 8, 1898 the vessel Helene was wrecked in Forney's Cove, Santa Cruz Island. She was hauling two tons of guano collected at San Miguel Island at the time. February 5, 1901 the Chinese junk Acme was wrecked at Baja, California's Geronimo Island. She had an estimated two tons of guano aboard, valued at $40. June 8, 1901 the vessel Francine sank in the vicinity of Gull Island on the south side of Santa Cruz Island. She was returning from San Miguel Island with 196 sacks of guano, about 2 tons, at the time. With the development of chemical fertilizers, the guano industry all but disappeared.		<span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano'''</span> is the dried excrement of certain vertebrates, particularly seabirds. Peruvians have prized guano as an organic fertilizer since before the Spanish conquest in the 1500s. In 1804, a visitor to Peru took some guano back to Europe where it became in high demand. By the 1850s, Peruvians exported guano in large enough quantities that their harvesting soon outpaced the birds' production, and nest disturbance diminished bird populations. Peruvian guano was the standard by which all other guano came to be judged. Mid-19th century “guano-mania” prompted global exploration, during which time tens of thousands of tons of guano were imported into the U.S. In 1856, the U.S. Congress passed the Guano Islands Act which allowed American entrepreneurs to lay claim to every island, rock, or key not claimed by another country, that might possibly possess fertilizing agents.

			By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, guano was also harvested on California's Channel Islands and the Baja California Islands of Mexico. The principal Yankee phosphate firms in the Pacific Basin included Pacific Guano of California, Pacific Guano of Massachusetts, American Guano, Phoenix Guano and United States Guano. On December 8, 1898 the vessel ''Helene'' was wrecked in Forney's Cove, Santa Cruz Island. She was hauling two tons of guano collected at San Miguel Island at the time. February 5, 1901 the Chinese junk ''Acme'' was wrecked at Baja, California's Geronimo Island. She had an estimated two tons of guano aboard, valued at $40. June 8, 1901 the vessel ''Francine'' sank in the vicinity of Gull Island on the south side of Santa Cruz Island. She was returning from San Miguel Island with 196 sacks of guano, about 2 tons, at the time. With the development of chemical fertilizers, the guano industry all but disappeared.

	'''» Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.		'''» Skaggs, Jimmy M.''' Great Guano Rush, St. Martin's Press, 1994.

MDaily: /* Guano: Isla Natividad */

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Guano: Isla Natividad

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	=== <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano: Isla Natividad'''</span> ===		=== <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano: Isla Natividad'''</span> ===

			'''January 31, 1903 [Sausalito News]:''' “Left Starving on a Southern Island. Seven Mexicans Tell of Hardships Endured on Natividad. San Diego.—The steamer ''St. Denis'' arrived in port from the lower coast with passengers and freight. The steamer has been as far south as Santo Domingo. She made a stop at Santa Catarina and took on $3000 worth of onyx. While the St. Denis was at Cedros Island seven Mexicans arrived at the mining camp and told a story of suffering on Natividad Island, where they had run short of both food and water. The men were nearly starved. They said they had been at work on the island for Harry Robbins of this city sacking guano, having been left there by the schooner ''Gerald C''. They expected the schooner to return and waited for her arrival, but the vessel did not put in an appearance, and the men feared that they would die from hunger and thirst. The water gave out and the men had to eat the mescal plant, which made them sick. They were without food and water for five days, when they concluded to take an old skiff and row to Cedros Island, thirty miles distant. They finally made the south end of Cedros Island and had to walk several miles up to the camp, where they were given food and nourishment. Two of the men came with the steamer as far as San Quentin and the others remained at Cedros Island.”


			'''February 14, 1919 [San Pedro News Pilot]:''' “Schooner Puts Out with Motley Crew. San Diego, Feb. 14.—The power schooner ''Newark'' sailed from here today for Lower California ports with one of the motliest crews that ever manned a ship. In the lot are two acrobats, two barbers, one automobile salesman, a drug clerk and a street sweeper from San Pedro and San Diego. The schooner will go to Natividad Island for guano. The skipper hopes for a successful voyage with his crew.”


			'''December 27, 1920 [San Bernardino Sun]:''' “Storm Keeps Two Vessels From Christmas in Port. San Diego, Dec. 26.—Stormy weather on the Lower California coast prevented at least two vessels from making this port in time for Christmas. They are the motorship ''Gryme'' and the power schooner ''Jennie Griffin''. The latter was reported yesterday at Ensenada en route here from Natividad Island. The ''Gryme'', from Ascuncion Island, has not been reported here in two weeks. Both vessels are carrying guano cargoes.”

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	'''November 8, 1896 [SFCall]:''' “Gives chase to poaching craft. Steamer ''Pacheco'' leaves San Diego in quest of trespassers. Sent to capture vessels at Guano Islands off the Mexican coast. Seeks for eight offenders. Concessionaires attempt to enforce the payment of large royalties. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 7. — The steamer ''Pacheco'', which sailed from here Wednesday night, ostensibly on its regular trip to San Quintin and way ports in Lower California, is now said to be on a chase after eight guano-poaching schooners which are believed to be gathered in Vizcaino Bay. These craft are the junk ''Acme'', Captain Chase, and the ''Pekin'', Captain Moodlin; the schooners ''Ellen'', Captain Jinsen; ''Whalberg''. Captain Martin; ''Hongkong'', Captain Hornstein; ''Alta'', Captain Farwell; ''Sailor Boy'', Captain Edwardson, and ''Ida'', Captain Atwood. Most of these schooners sailed from this port the latter part of October and are now probably at the Guano Islands. These islands are about 350 miles south of San Diego. All of them were formerly covered with guano and have kept a fleet of small craft busy carrying the fertilizer to this port. The deposits are owned by the Mexican Land and Colonization Company, which has a concession from the Government for all the fisheries and deposits on the peninsula coast. The company claims a royalty of $2.50 per ton and the Ensenada customs officials impose port charges of about $70 on each schooner. The skippers say this is too much to make the business profitable, and therefore they run down and get the guano and bring it to San Diego without stopping to visit the Ensenada officials or to render an account to the company. WHen O. J. Creweread assumed the management of the company a few weeks ago he served notice on the guano-poachers that they would be prosecuted for further encroachments on the company's preserves. The present trip of the ''Pacheco'' is for the purpose of apprehending the schooners. Last year the ''Pacheco'' made a similar trip and overtook the schooner ''Pekin'' at San Martin Island. Two boys were on the island gathering guano and another on the schooner. The schooner got away but the steamer captured the boys on the island, together with 900 sacks of guano. The boys are now serving sentence of eighteen months in the Ensenada jail.”		'''November 8, 1896 [SFCall]:''' “Gives chase to poaching craft. Steamer ''Pacheco'' leaves San Diego in quest of trespassers. Sent to capture vessels at Guano Islands off the Mexican coast. Seeks for eight offenders. Concessionaires attempt to enforce the payment of large royalties. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 7. — The steamer ''Pacheco'', which sailed from here Wednesday night, ostensibly on its regular trip to San Quintin and way ports in Lower California, is now said to be on a chase after eight guano-poaching schooners which are believed to be gathered in Vizcaino Bay. These craft are the junk ''Acme'', Captain Chase, and the ''Pekin'', Captain Moodlin; the schooners ''Ellen'', Captain Jinsen; ''Whalberg''. Captain Martin; ''Hongkong'', Captain Hornstein; ''Alta'', Captain Farwell; ''Sailor Boy'', Captain Edwardson, and ''Ida'', Captain Atwood. Most of these schooners sailed from this port the latter part of October and are now probably at the Guano Islands. These islands are about 350 miles south of San Diego. All of them were formerly covered with guano and have kept a fleet of small craft busy carrying the fertilizer to this port. The deposits are owned by the Mexican Land and Colonization Company, which has a concession from the Government for all the fisheries and deposits on the peninsula coast. The company claims a royalty of $2.50 per ton and the Ensenada customs officials impose port charges of about $70 on each schooner. The skippers say this is too much to make the business profitable, and therefore they run down and get the guano and bring it to San Diego without stopping to visit the Ensenada officials or to render an account to the company. WHen O. J. Creweread assumed the management of the company a few weeks ago he served notice on the guano-poachers that they would be prosecuted for further encroachments on the company's preserves. The present trip of the ''Pacheco'' is for the purpose of apprehending the schooners. Last year the ''Pacheco'' made a similar trip and overtook the schooner ''Pekin'' at San Martin Island. Two boys were on the island gathering guano and another on the schooner. The schooner got away but the steamer captured the boys on the island, together with 900 sacks of guano. The boys are now serving sentence of eighteen months in the Ensenada jail.”


			=== <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano: Isla Natividad'''</span> ===

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	* '''[[#Guano: Isla San Martin\|Guano: Isla San Martin]]'''		* '''[[#Guano: Isla San Martin\|Guano: Isla San Martin]]'''
			* '''[[#Guano: Isla Natividad\|Guano: Isla Natividad]]'''

MDaily at 00:38, 13 May 2018

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	'''November 9, 1895 [SFCall]:''' “Two Young Smugglers of Guano Sentenced at Ensenada. Long Terms in Prison. Their case will be appealed to the Supreme Court of Mexico. Vessel owners alarmed. The convictions have put a dampener upon the illicit industry. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 8,— William O. Forrest and Wilbur Daynes, young Americans, who had gone to San Martin Island and other places along the Lower California coast on a guano-gathering expedition, and who were captured several months ago on San Martin Island by Mexican officials, who pursued them on the steamer ''Carlos Pacheco'', were sentenced at Ensenada today to fifteen months' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $133 or serve thirty days more in prison. A notice of appeal was made, and the case will be carried to the Supreme Court of Mexico.”		'''November 9, 1895 [SFCall]:''' “Two Young Smugglers of Guano Sentenced at Ensenada. Long Terms in Prison. Their case will be appealed to the Supreme Court of Mexico. Vessel owners alarmed. The convictions have put a dampener upon the illicit industry. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 8,— William O. Forrest and Wilbur Daynes, young Americans, who had gone to San Martin Island and other places along the Lower California coast on a guano-gathering expedition, and who were captured several months ago on San Martin Island by Mexican officials, who pursued them on the steamer ''Carlos Pacheco'', were sentenced at Ensenada today to fifteen months' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $133 or serve thirty days more in prison. A notice of appeal was made, and the case will be carried to the Supreme Court of Mexico.”


			'''November 8, 1896 [SFCall]:''' “Gives chase to poaching craft. Steamer ''Pacheco'' leaves San Diego in quest of trespassers. Sent to capture vessels at Guano Islands off the Mexican coast. Seeks for eight offenders. Concessionaires attempt to enforce the payment of large royalties. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 7. — The steamer ''Pacheco'', which sailed from here Wednesday night, ostensibly on its regular trip to San Quintin and way ports in Lower California, is now said to be on a chase after eight guano-poaching schooners which are believed to be gathered in Vizcaino Bay. These craft are the junk ''Acme'', Captain Chase, and the ''Pekin'', Captain Moodlin; the schooners ''Ellen'', Captain Jinsen; ''Whalberg''. Captain Martin; ''Hongkong'', Captain Hornstein; ''Alta'', Captain Farwell; ''Sailor Boy'', Captain Edwardson, and ''Ida'', Captain Atwood. Most of these schooners sailed from this port the latter part of October and are now probably at the Guano Islands. These islands are about 350 miles south of San Diego. All of them were formerly covered with guano and have kept a fleet of small craft busy carrying the fertilizer to this port. The deposits are owned by the Mexican Land and Colonization Company, which has a concession from the Government for all the fisheries and deposits on the peninsula coast. The company claims a royalty of $2.50 per ton and the Ensenada customs officials impose port charges of about $70 on each schooner. The skippers say this is too much to make the business profitable, and therefore they run down and get the guano and bring it to San Diego without stopping to visit the Ensenada officials or to render an account to the company. WHen O. J. Creweread assumed the management of the company a few weeks ago he served notice on the guano-poachers that they would be prosecuted for further encroachments on the company's preserves. The present trip of the ''Pacheco'' is for the purpose of apprehending the schooners. Last year the ''Pacheco'' made a similar trip and overtook the schooner ''Pekin'' at San Martin Island. Two boys were on the island gathering guano and another on the schooner. The schooner got away but the steamer captured the boys on the island, together with 900 sacks of guano. The boys are now serving sentence of eighteen months in the Ensenada jail.”

MDaily at 23:32, 12 May 2018

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	* '''[[#Guano: Isla Guadalupe\|Guano: Isla Guadalupe]]'''		* '''[[#Guano: Isla Guadalupe\|Guano: Isla Guadalupe]]'''

			* '''[[#Guano: Isla San Martin\|Guano: Isla San Martin]]'''


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	'''April 11, 1868 [DAC]:''' “The exports to Guadalupe Island per schooner ''Summer Cloud'' embrace a value of $183.”		'''April 11, 1868 [DAC]:''' “The exports to Guadalupe Island per schooner ''Summer Cloud'' embrace a value of $183.”



			=== <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Guano: Isla San Martin'''</span> ===


			'''August 20, 1895 [SFCall]:''' “War on Guano Smugglers. How an American Schooner Eluded Mexican Authorities. San Diego, Cal., Aug. 19.— The steamer ''Pacheco'' returned from Ensenada this morning after an unsuccessful cruise for guano-smugglers around San Martin Island along the coast of Lower California. The vessel was turned over to Mexican officers, who believed they could capture the junk ''Peking'' of this port, which was expected at San Martin Island to ship over 400 sacks of guano gathered there. But the weather was foggy and the steamer had to blow its whistle every moment or two, which gave warning to any vessel that may have been in the neighborhood. The officers secured the guano on the island and took it to Ensenada.”


			'''November 9, 1895 [SFCall]:''' “Two Young Smugglers of Guano Sentenced at Ensenada. Long Terms in Prison. Their case will be appealed to the Supreme Court of Mexico. Vessel owners alarmed. The convictions have put a dampener upon the illicit industry. San Diego, Cal., Nov. 8,— William O. Forrest and Wilbur Daynes, young Americans, who had gone to San Martin Island and other places along the Lower California coast on a guano-gathering expedition, and who were captured several months ago on San Martin Island by Mexican officials, who pursued them on the steamer ''Carlos Pacheco'', were sentenced at Ensenada today to fifteen months' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $133 or serve thirty days more in prison. A notice of appeal was made, and the case will be carried to the Supreme Court of Mexico.”